Models	Key person/s	Focus	View on behavior	View on client	Role of counselor	techniques
Psychoanalytic theory	Sigmund Freud	To reduce tension; Unconscious factors that motivate behavior	Human behavior is directed toward reduction of his tension	Weak and uncertain and in need of assistance in reconstructing a normal personality.	The expert who will facilitate or direct this restructuring	Projective tests, play therapy, dream analysis, and free association, all of which require special training
A theory of personality development, a philosophy of human nature, a method of psychotherapy. Attention is given to the events of the first 6 yrs of life as determinants of the later development of personality. Usually used for abnormal behavior. Defense mechanisms: repression, rationalization, regression, identification, displacement(e.g. sublimation), overcompensation (reaction formation)
Individual Psychology	Alfred Adler Rudolf Dreikurs	On the uniqueness of individuals	There exist within the human being an innate drive to overcome perceived inferiorities and to develop one’s own potential for actualization	Sees the person holistically	Therapist and counselee works together to help the counselee develop awareness	· Analysis and assessment · Exploration of family constellation · Reporting of earliest recollection · Confrontation · Cognitive restructuring · Challenging of one’s belief system · Exploration of one’s social dynamics and of one’s unique style of life
A growth model It stresses taking responsibility, creating one’s own destiny, and finding meaning and goals to give life direction. Sources of inferiority: biological dependency, our image of ourselves in relationship to the grandeur of the universe, organ inferiority. Four stages: Establishing relationship (through a subjective/objective interview. Client is helped to feel comfortable and is encouraged to explain what specifically has helped him/her the need for counseling). Diagnostic stage (lifestyle interview). Interpretation (the time during which the counselor and the client develop insight from the client’s basic mistakes by analyzing and discussing the convictions, goals, and movement in the client developed early in life and the ensuing thought, emotional, and behavioral, patterns and attitudes). Reorientation (the therapist helps the counselee to move from intellectual insight to actual development and expression or healthier attitudes and behaviors).
Models	Key person/s	Focus	View on behavior	View on client	Role of counselor	techniques
Person-centered self-theory	Carl R. Rogers		The better clients know themselves, the more likely they are to identify the most appropriate behavior for themselves	Basically good and possessing the capabilities for self understanding, insight, problem solving, decision making, change and growth.	Facilitator and reflector	To provide a climate in which the counselee could bring about change in him.
A non-directive reaction against psychoanalysis Based on the subjective view of human-experiencing, it places faith in and gives responsibility to the client in dealing with problems
Behavioral theory	John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, Arnold Lazaruz	On specific behavioral goals, emphasizing precise and repeatable methods.	A set of learned responses of events, experiences or stimuli in a person’s life history.	People have the capacity to act in either rational or irrational manner What a person tells himself is intimately related to the way that person feels or acts.	Teacher or coach	Reflection Summarization Open-ended inquiries
Applies the principles of learning to the resolution of specific behavioral disorders.
Rational emotive behavior therapy (cognitive behavior)	Albert Ellis	Reduce or eliminate irrational behavior	People have the capacity to act either rational (effective and potentially productive) or irrational manner (results in unhappiness and nonproductivity).	What a person tells himself is intimately related to the way that person feels or acts.	Teacher-student	Teaching (e.g. reading) Questioning and challenging Confrontation tactics Contracts Suggestions persuasion
Action-oriented, highly dictative, cognitive model of therapy Role of significant others (environment, culture)

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Reality choice therapy	William Glasser	Focuses on present behavior and does not emphasize the clients past history	Based on the premise that a single psychological need is present throughout life: the need for identity	Client will assume personal responsibility for his or her well-being
A short term approach focusing on the present, it stresses a person’s strengths; clients learn more realistic behavior and thus achieve success. Counseling is simply a special kind of training that attempts to teach an individual what he or she should have learned during normal growth in a rather short period of time. Components of total behavior: 1. active behavior 2. thinking 3. feeling 4. physiology as the capacity to produce voluntary and involuntary body mechanisms Four needs of humans: need to belong need for power need for freedom need for fun and recreation
Existential therapy	Victor Frankl Rollo May Irvin Yalom	Quality of person-to-person therapeutic relationship	Individuals define who they are by their choices even though there may be factors beyond one’s control that restricts ones choices.	Client has free-choice; has a purpose in life	Improves clients relationship with others
Stresses building therapy on the conditions of human existence (choice, freedom and responsibility, self determination. For the individual to find meaning in one’s life through self awareness Models Key person/s Focus View on behavior View on client Role of counselor techniques
Transactional analysis	Eric Borne		Normal personality is a product of healthy parenting		Seek to restore damaged ego and to develop the client’s capacity to use all ego states appropriately
Gestalt counseling	Frederick Perls Fritz and Laura Perls		Only the present is important	Has the capacity for self-direction	Assist the client toward self-integration Seeks to increase the client’s self-awareness
An experimental therapy stressing awareness and integration. It grew as a reaction against analytic therapy Integrates function of body and mind Models Key person/s Focus View on behavior View on client Role of counselor techniques
Family systems therapy				That the client cannot be completely understood apart from his/her family	Assist families
Multi-modal theory	Arnold Lazarus			Are more frequently troubled by a multitude of problems that can be more efficiently dealt with by using a broad range of special methods	use unique assessment procedures