| Models of counseling | Description | Counselors view about the individual/ client | Techniques/ skills used |
| Psychoanalytic theory
| · Its focus is on unconscious factors that motivate behavior · A theory of personality development, a philosophy of human nature, a method of psychotherapy. · Attention is given to the events of the first 6 yrs of life as determinants of the later development of personality. · Usually used for abnormal behavior.
| Weak and uncertain and in need of assistance in reconstructing a normal personality. | · Projective tests, · play therapy, · dream analysis, and · free association, all of which require special training |
| Individual Psychology | · Focuses on the uniqueness of individuals · There exist within the human being an innate drive to overcome perceived inferiorities and to develop one’s own potential for actualization | Sees the person holistically | · Analysis and assessment · Exploration of family constellation · Reporting of earliest recollection · Confrontation · Cognitive restructuring · Challenging of one’s belief system · Exploration of one’s social dynamics and of one’s unique style of life |
| Person-centered self-theory | · A non-directive reaction against psychoanalysis · Based on the subjective view of human-experiencing, it places faith in and gives responsibility to the client in dealing with problems
| Clients are basically good and possessing the capabilities for self understanding, insight, problem solving, decision making, change and growth. | · Provide a climate in which the counselee could bring about change in him.
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| Behavioral theory | · It focus is on specific behavioral goals, emphasizing precise and repeatable methods. · Sees behavior as a set of learned responses of events, experiences or stimuli in a person’s life history. · Applies the principles of learning to the resolution of specific behavioral disorders.
| People have the capacity to act in either rational or irrational manner What a person tells himself is intimately related to the way that person feels or acts. | · Reflection · Summarization · Open-ended inquiries |
| Rational emotive behavior therapy (cognitive behavior) | · Action-oriented, highly dictative, cognitive model of therapy · Role of significant others (environment, culture) · The goal is to reduce or eliminate irrational behavior
| Sees the clients as a person who has the capacity to act either rational (effective and potentially productive) or irrational manner (results in unhappiness and non-productivity). What a person tells himself is intimately related to the way that person feels or acts. | · Teaching (e.g. reading) · Questioning and challenging · Confrontation tactics · Contracts · Suggestions · persuasion |
| Reality choice therapy | · Focuses on present behavior and does not emphasize the clients past history · Based on the premise that a single psychological need is present throughout life: the need for identity · A short term approach focusing on the present, it stresses a person’s strengths; clients learn more realistic behavior and thus achieve success. · Counseling is simply a special kind of training that attempts to teach an individual what he or she should have learned during normal growth in a rather short period of time. | Client will assume personal responsibility for his or her well-being | · Current behavior and evaluating your behavior · No Excuses, No Punishment, Never Give Up
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| Existential therapy | · Stresses building therapy on the conditions of human existence (choice, freedom and responsibility, self determination. · For the individual to find meaning in one’s life through self awareness · Focuses on the quality of person-to-person therapeutic relationship
| Individuals define who they are by their choices even though there may be factors beyond one’s control that restricts ones choices. Client has free-choice; has a purpose in life | · person-to-person therapeutic relationship
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| Transactional analysis | · Normal personality is a product of healthy parenting · Counselor seeks to restore damaged ego and to develop the client’s capacity to use all ego states appropriately
| Assumes a person has the potential for choosing and redirecting or shaping one’s own destiny. | · An essential technique is the contract that precedes each counseling steps. · Sessions are tape recorded in their entirety. |
| Gestalt counseling | · An experimental therapy stressing awareness and integration. · It grew as a reaction against analytic therapy · Integrates function of body and mind · Only the present is important
| Client has the capacity for self-direction so the counselor assist the client toward self-integration and seeks to increase the client’s self-awareness | · How and what questions · confrontations · ‘I’ statements · Sharing awareness with clients emphasizing this moment |
| Family systems therapy | · Mentally healthy persons have both good family relations and also satisfactory relationships outside the family.
| That the client cannot be completely understood apart from his/her family | · Counselors help individuals who need better relationships with important people in their lives in or out of the family unit. |
| Multi-modal theory | · A systematic and comprehensive approach · Characterized by unique assessment procedures and by significant emphasis on and attention to details of imagery, cognitive, and interpersonal factors and their interactive effects on the client. · This theory is personalized and individualistic. | That the client is more frequently troubled by a multitude of problems that can be more efficiently dealt with by using a broad range of special methods | · Technical eclecticism (the idea that treatment can and should consist of techniques from many different theoretical perspectives, without the clinician necessarily adopting the theoretical basis for those techniques.) |
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